Traditionally, manhole covers have been constructed of either cast iron, concrete, or even some combination of the two. This is because both of these materials are inexpensive, durable, and heavy enough to stay in place. However, similarly to manholes, technology has led to a variety of alternative manhole cover materials, including composite, fiberglass, and plastic. In this section, we discuss the many different types of manhole covers including cast iron manhole covers, plastic manhole covers, and composite manhole covers.
Maintaining the integrity of a gate valve under pressure is critical for ensuring safety and operational efficiency. Regular testing, such as hydrostatic testing, can help verify that valves can withstand their rated pressures without leaking or failing. Additionally, routine inspections should be conducted to check for signs of wear, corrosion, or any other damage that could impact pressure handling capabilities.
Interior bollards are short, robust posts or barriers often made from materials such as metal, plastic, or concrete. They are strategically placed within buildings, malls, parking garages, and other public or commercial spaces to serve various purposes. Primarily, these pieces of architecture are designed to protect pedestrians and vulnerable structures from vehicles, ensuring a safer environment. They can delineate walkways, direct foot traffic, and provide a clear boundary between different areas within a facility.
Beyond threats of crime, bollards also set boundaries that guide vehicular traffic. By marking the edges of roadways, sidewalks, and bike lanes, they help delineate spaces for different modes of transport, reducing the risk of collisions. This is particularly crucial in cities where congestion is prevalent, as the clear demarcation encourages disciplined driving behavior and better overall traffic flow.